![]() Also, these viruses can be effectively inactivated by lipid solvents, including ether (75%), ethanol, chlorine-containing disinfectant, peroxyacetic acid, and chloroform except for chlorhexidine. Conversely, it may resist lower temperatures even below 0☌. At 54.5☌, the time for a 90% decrease in infectivity was 35.4 ± 9.0 min and the virus half-life was 10.8 ± 3.0 min. A stainless steel surface held at an air temperature of 54.5☌ (130 ☏) results in the inactivation of 90% of SARS-CoV-2 in approximately 36 minutes. Currently, the inactivation temperature of SARS-CoV-2 is being researched. In this regard, although high temperature decreases the replication of any species of virus. Like other CoVs, it is sensitive to ultraviolet rays and heat. It has a round or elliptic and often pleomorphic form and a diameter of approximately 60–140 nm. SARS-CoV-2 is a novel betaCoV belonging to the same subgenus as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), which have been previously implicated in SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV epidemics with mortality rates up to 10% and 35%, respectively. These viruses are considered to be more virulent and capable of causing epidemics manifesting with respiratory and extra-respiratory manifestations of variable clinical severity. Other human CoVs: SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV (betaCoVs of the B and C lineage, respectively). In general, estimates suggest that 2% of the population are healthy carriers of a CoVs and that these viruses are responsible for about 5% to 10% of acute respiratory infections. Some of the HCoVs were identified in the mid-1960s, while others were only detected in the new millennium. To date, seven human CoVs (HCoVs) capable of infecting humans have been identified. ![]() For reasons yet to be explained, these viruses can cross species barriers and can cause, in humans, illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as MERS and SARS. Members of this large family of viruses can cause respiratory, enteric, hepatic, and neurological diseases in different animal species, including camels, cattle, cats, and bats. CoVs have become the major pathogens of emerging respiratory disease outbreaks. On the contrary, avian species seem to represent the gene sources of deltaCoVs and gammaCoVs. ![]() Genomic characterization has shown that bats and rodents are the probable gene sources of alphaCoVs and betaCoVs. Based on the epidemiological update by the WHO, five SARS-CoV-2 VOCs have been identified since the beginning of the pandemic:īetaCoV genus is further divided into five sub-genera or lineages. Several variants of SARS-CoV-2 have been described during the course of this pandemic, among which only a few are considered variants of concern (VOCs) by the WHO, given their impact on global public health. Like other RNA viruses, SARS-CoV-2, while adapting to their new human hosts, is prone to genetic evolution with the development of mutations over time, resulting in mutant variants that may have different characteristics than its ancestral strains. ![]() This compelled the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare it as a global pandemic on March 11, 2020.Įven though substantial progress in clinical research has led to a better understanding of SARS-CoV-2, many countries continue to have outbreaks of this viral illness that are attributed to the emergence of mutant variants of the virus. ![]() After the first cases of this predominantly respiratory viral illness were first reported in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, in late December 2019, SARS-CoV-2 rapidly disseminated across the world in a short span of time. It has had a catastrophic effect on the world resulting in more than 6 million deaths worldwide. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious viral illness caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). ![]()
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